Explore Chapter 8: Heredity – Decoding the Rules of Variation with structured data tables for quick revision. Understand inheritance patterns, Mendel’s laws, traits, and variations in an organized format, helping CBSE students grasp concepts clearly and retain them easily.
| Organism | Trait/Characteristic | Dominant Variant | Recessive Variant | Inheritance Mechanism | Progeny Observation | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Garden Pea | Plant height | Tall | Short | Mendelian inheritance; single copy of T determines tallness | $F_{1}$ : $100\%$ tall; $F_{2}$ : $75\%$ tall and $25\%$ short ( $3:1$ ratio) | 1 |
| Garden Pea | Seed shape | Round | Wrinkled | Independent assortment | $F_{2}$ generation shows $9:3:3:1$ ratio including new combinations like tall-wrinkled and short-round | 1 |
| Garden Pea | Seed colour | Yellow | Green | Independent assortment | $F_{2}$ shows 315 round-yellow, 108 round-green, 101 wrinkled-yellow, 32 wrinkled-green | 1 |
| Garden Pea | Flower colour | Violet | White | Mendelian inheritance | In specific cross: progeny all bore violet flowers (but half were short due to parent genotype TtWW) | 1 |
| Humans | Earlobe type | Free earlobes | Attached earlobes | Mendelian inheritance (paternal and maternal DNA contributions) | Population observation of variants; students show either free or attached lobes correlated with parents | 1 |
| Humans | Sex Determination | Not applicable | Not applicable | Genetic (Sex chromosomes X and Y) | Half the children are boys (XY) and half are girls (XX) based on paternal inheritance | 1 |
| Bacteria | Heat resistance | Heat resistant | Heat sensitive (Inferred) | Asexual reproduction with minor variations (DNA copying inaccuracies) | Bacteria that can withstand heat survive better in a heat wave; variants selected by environment | 1 |
| Reptiles | Sex Determination | Not applicable | Not applicable | Environmental cues (Temperature) | Temperature at which fertilised eggs are kept determines if they become male or female | 1 |
| Snails | Sex Determination | Not applicable | Not applicable | Non-genetically determined (can change sex) | Individuals can change sex during their lifetime | 1 |
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