| Event or Milestone | Time Period | Location | Key Figures or Groups | Industry or Technology Involved | Impact on Workers or Economy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proto-industrialisation | 17th and 18th centuries | England and Europe | Merchants, peasants, and artisans | Textile production (hand-spinning and weaving) | Supplemented shrinking income from cultivation and allowed full use of family labour; established a network of commercial exchanges controlled by merchants. |
| Coming up of the first factories | 1730s | England | Industrialists and factory workers | Cotton industry | Initial shift toward centralized production and management under one roof, though multiplication of factories was slow until later. |
| Creation of the cotton mill | 18th century | England | Richard Arkwright | Cotton mill and centralized machinery | Production shifted from households to mills; allowed careful supervision of quality and regulation of labour. |
| Invention of the Spinning Jenny | 1764 | England | James Hargreaves; Women workers | Spinning Jenny (textiles) | Increased spinning efficacy and reduced labour demand; led to social conflict as women workers attacked the machines fearing unemployment. |
| Improvement of the Steam Engine | 1781 | England | James Watt, Thomas Newcomen, Mathew Boulton | Steam engine | Enhanced productivity of labour manifold, though adoption was slow due to high costs and technical unreliability. |
| Shift in Indian Port Dominance | By the 1750s | India (Surat, Hoogly, Bombay, Calcutta) | Indian merchants, European companies | Maritime trade and textile exports | Decline of old ports (Surat) and decay of local banker networks; growth of colonial power via new ports (Bombay, Calcutta) controlled by Europeans. |
| Appointment of Gomasthas | After the 1760s | India (Bengal and Carnatic) | East India Company, Gomasthas, Indian weavers | Cotton and silk textiles | Eliminated bargaining power of weavers; tied weavers to the Company through advances; led to clashes, flogging of weavers, and desertion of villages. |
| Invasion of Manchester Goods | Early 19th century (c. 1850s) | India | British industrialists, Indian weavers | Machine-made cotton piece-goods | Local Indian markets were glutted with cheap imports; export markets collapsed; many weaving communities (like Koshtis) faced desolation and turned to day labour. |
| Establishment of first Indian Cotton Mill | 1854 | Bombay, India | Early Entrepreneurs (Parsis and Marwaris) | Cotton spinning and weaving | Began the transition to factory-based industry in India; initially produced coarse yarn to avoid competition with Manchester fabric. |
| Adoption of the Fly Shuttle | Early 20th century (by 1941) | India (Travancore, Madras, Bengal, etc.) | Handloom weavers | Fly shuttle (mechanical weaving device) | Increased productivity per worker and speeded up production; helped handloom weavers compete with the mill sector and survive. |
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