| Date | Event or Process | Key Figures | Region/Country | Significance | Nationalist Symbols Used |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1789 | French Revolution | Not in source | France | First clear expression of nationalism; transfer of sovereignty from monarchy to citizens. | The tricolour flag, ideas of la patrie (fatherland) and le citoyen (citizen). |
| 1797 | Napoleon invades Italy | Napoleon | Italy | Beginning of Napoleonic Wars; spread of revolutionary principles and administrative reforms abroad. | Not in source |
| 1804 | Civil Code (Napoleonic Code) | Napoleon | French-controlled Europe (Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy, Germany) | Abolished privileges based on birth; established equality before law and secured right to property. | Not in source |
| 1814-1815 | Vienna Peace Settlement | Duke Metternich | Europe | Fall of Napoleon; restoration of Bourbon dynasty; creation of a new conservative order. | Not in source |
| 1821-1832 | Greek War of Independence | Lord Byron | Greece (Ottoman Empire) | Mobilized nationalist feelings among European educated elite; Treaty of Constantinople recognized independence. | Poetry, art (depictions of Greece as the cradle of European civilization). |
| 1831 | Founding of Young Italy | Giuseppe Mazzini | Italy (Marseilles) | Secret society created to promote a unitary Italian Republic. | Not in source |
| 1834 | Formation of Zollverein (Customs Union) | Friedrich List (advocate) | German states (Prussia) | Abolished tariff barriers; used economic nationalism to strengthen wider nationalist sentiments. | Common national currency. |
| 1848 | Revolutions of the Liberals | Frédéric Sorrieu (artist), Friedrich Wilhelm IV | France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Austro-Hungarian Empire | Abdication of French monarch; middle classes demanded constitutionalism and national unification. | Germania (allegory), black-red-gold tricolour flag, Statue of Liberty personification. |
| 1859-1870 | Unification of Italy | Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel II | Italy | Sardinia-Piedmont leads unification through war and diplomacy; Kingdom of Italy proclaimed. | Red Shirts (volunteers). |
| 1866-1871 | Unification of Germany | Otto von Bismarck, Kaiser William I | Germany (Prussia) | Three wars (Austria, Denmark, France) end in Prussian victory; German Empire proclaimed at Versailles. | Germania wearing a crown of oak leaves. |
| 1871-1914 | Balkan Nationalist Tensions | Not in source | The Balkans (Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, etc.) | Nationalist aspirations manipulate imperialist aims; area becomes explosive leading to WWI. | Ethnic/Slav identity markers. |
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