| Resource Type | Classification Basis | Sub-categories | Key Characteristics | Distribution in India | Associated Problems | Conservation Measures |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alluvial Soil | Soil Type (by age and location) | Bangar (Old Alluvial), Khadar (New Alluvial) | Rich in potash, phosphoric acid, and lime; consists of sand, silt, and clay; highly fertile. | Northern plains, Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra river systems, Rajasthan, Gujarat corridor, and eastern coastal deltas (Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri). | Alkaline in drier areas; requires treatment and irrigation. | Proper treatment and irrigation. |
| Black Soil | Soil Type | Regur Soil, Black Cotton Soil | Clayey material; high moisture-holding capacity; rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash, and lime; develops deep cracks in hot weather. | Deccan trap (Basalt) region, Maharashtra, Saurashtra, Malwa, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Godavari and Krishna valleys. | Sticky when wet; difficult to work on unless tilled immediately after first shower; poor in phosphoric content. | Tilling immediately after first shower or pre-monsoon period. |
| Land Resources | Relief Features | Plains (43%), Mountains (30%), Plateaus (27%) | Finite magnitude; supports vegetation, wildlife, human life, and economic activities. | Total geographical area of 3.28 million sq km. | Land degradation caused by deforestation, overgrazing, mining, quarrying, and over-irrigation. | Afforestation; proper management of grazing; shelter belts; stabilization of sand dunes; treatment of industrial effluents. |
| General Resources | Origin, Exhaustibility, Ownership, Development Status | Biotic/Abiotic; Renewable/Non-renewable; Individual/Community/National/International; Potential/Stock/Reserves | Technologically accessible, economically feasible, and culturally acceptable. | Uneven: Jharkhand/Chhattisgarh (minerals/coal), Arunachal (water), Rajasthan (solar/wind), Ladakh (heritage). | Depletion for greed; accumulation in few hands; global ecological crises (pollution, land degradation). | Resource planning; sustainable development (Agenda 21); Brundtland Commission principles; production by masses. |
| Laterite Soil | Soil Type | Not in source | Deep to very deep, acidic (pH < 6.0); result of intense leaching; humus rich in forest areas but poor in semi-arid areas. | Southern states, Western Ghats (Maharashtra), Odisha, West Bengal, North-east regions, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh. | Prone to erosion and degradation; deficient in plant nutrients. | Soil conservation techniques in hilly areas; sustainable use for tea, coffee, and cashew nut cultivation. |
| Arid Soils | Soil Type | Not in source | Sandy texture; saline nature; red to brown colour; lacks humus and moisture; lower horizons contain Kankar. | Western Rajasthan. | High salt content; restricted water infiltration due to Kankar layer. | Proper irrigation; stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes. |
| Forest Soils | Soil Type | Not in source | Loamy and silty in valleys; coarse grained in upper slopes; acidic with low humus in snow areas. | Hilly and mountainous areas with rain forests; Himalayas. | Denudation in snow-covered areas. | Afforestation; contour ploughing; terrace farming; strip cropping; shelter belts. |
| Red and Yellow Soils | Soil Type | Not in source | Reddish due to iron diffusion in crystalline/metamorphic rocks; yellow in hydrated form. | Eastern and southern parts of Deccan plateau, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, southern middle Ganga plain, Western Ghats piedmont zone. | Found in areas of low rainfall. | Not in source |
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